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Direct linkZhang, Xiaowan; Winke, Paula; Clark, Shaunna – Language Learning, 2020
Answering calls to map college-level proficiency development (Modern Language Association, 2007) and longitudinally chart language learning (Barkaoui, 2014; Ortega & Byrnes, 2008), we mapped the oral proficiency growth of 1,922 lower-division college students of Chinese, French, Russian, and Spanish (in the second, third, or fourth semester of…
Descriptors: Oral Language, Language Proficiency, College Second Language Programs, College Students
Kozaki, Yoko; Ross, Steven J. – Language Learning, 2011
Learning context has increasingly been postulated to exert an influence on the dynamics of individual differences in language learning. In a longitudinal design that tested the proficiency gains of 1,682 learners over a 2-year foreign language program, a multilevel modeling approach was deployed in this study to account for variation in second…
Descriptors: Second Language Learning, Learning Motivation, Individual Differences, Context Effect
