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Zarrinabadi, Nourollah; Rezazadeh, Mohsen; Chehrazi, Abdollah – International Journal of Multilingualism, 2023
This study sought to investigate the relationship between language mindsets and grammar learning strategies and grammatical performance among English as L2 and L3 learners. Moreover, this study examined fixed and growth language mindsets across gender and language groups. The sample included 320 (N[subscript L2] = 160, N[subscript L3] = 160)…
Descriptors: Grammar, Learning Strategies, Student Attitudes, Second Language Learning
Yamada, Masanori – Computers & Education, 2009
This study aimed to clarify the relationship between media, learners' perception of social presence, and output in communicative learning using synchronous computer-mediated communication (SCMC). In this study, we developed four types of SCMC: videoconferencing (image and voice), audioconferencing (voice but no image), text chat with image (image…
Descriptors: Computer Mediated Communication, Synchronous Communication, Educational Technology, Video Technology