Virtual reality (VR) can be beneficial for learning and for increasing learners' engagement and motivation. However, aggregations of studies on language learning in high-immersion VR are scarce. This paper offers a systematic review of existing research on VR-based language learning, encompassing 32 peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and…

This study explores the effectiveness of Virtual Reality (VR) in Chinese as a second language (CSL) vocabulary learning from the international students' perspective. A new theoretical framework of VR-based vocabulary learning was designed and verified to serve the investigation. A total of 30 international students learning CSL in a Chinese…

Incorporating augmented reality (AR) technology into education has the incredible capacity to elevate the quality of learning encounters significantly. In flipped and blended classrooms, where technology complements traditional instruction, investigating the effect of AR on vocabulary learning, self-efficacy, and personality traits becomes crucial…

This study investigates the impact of augmented reality (AR) on vocabulary and content learning, as well as attitudes, in a content and language integrated learning (CLIL) setting. The research, based on convenience sampling, involved 162 secondary education students from three schools, divided into an experimental group (EG) and a control group…

The incorporation of technology has revolutionized the education industry, with augmented reality (AR) being one of the emerging technologies that exhibit great potential in educational settings. This study examines the efficacy of AR in enhancing vocabulary learning and retention among young 5th-grade learners. This study was conducted with 56…

Scholars have suggested English classrooms with sufficient context and fun activities to increase English performance and promote learning motivation. With the rapid growth of technology-enhanced learning, virtual reality (VR) has become increasingly popular in English learning. Using VR without a well-designed learning environment, however, may…

This article reports on an exploratory study on developing and adopting a 'Virtual Go Mode' feature embedded in a mobile vocabulary learning app, VocabGo, to enhance students' vocabulary learning engagement. Distinguished from other virtual reality (VR) or augmented reality (AR) applications, the Virtual Go Mode is designed for students to…

There is increasing evidence supporting the efficacy of augmented reality (AR) education applications, yet comparatively few reports exploring AR for early childhood. Augmented reality is uniquely suited to language instruction and the early elementary context, thus has potential to support the growing number of English language learners (ELLs) in…

This study explored designing Augmented Reality (AR) based language learning materials from the perspective of 50 pre-service English teachers recruited based on convenience sampling. Using one group pre-test-post-test design, both quantitative and qualitative data were gathered through pre- and post-surveys, and reflection form. According to the…

This study aimed to create a game as scaffolding in 3D virtual worlds to enhance linguistic communication skills (LCS) in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Two ADHD children participated in the 17-week study. In 8 of the 17 weeks of the study, they logged in 3D virtual worlds to learn LCS through play twice a week, one…

VR technology allows learners to access simulated, immersive and interactive virtual environments to perform authentic learning activities. In particular, VR has emerged as a valuable tool for L2 learning. However, VR research has tended to pay more attention to desktop-based VR than to VR via mobile-rendered HMDs, leaving the potentials of VR…

Research on vocabulary acquisition in digital game-based learning has been increasing over the years, with advancements in technology giving rise to numerous learning alternatives in second language acquisition. As virtual reality gaming offers new opportunities to explore its effectiveness in language learning, it is thus important to investigate…

This study examines the effect of modality and redundancy in an Augmented Reality (AR) based language learning environment for teaching vocabulary in a foreign language. The study aims to determine the effectiveness of the redundancy and modality principles, examine the relationship between cognitive load, satisfaction, anxiety, willingness, and…

The present study investigated the impact teaching academic vocabulary through an augmented reality (AR) approach had on acquisition and retention as compared to using a more traditional flash card based approach. 29 high school students ranging from 9th to 11th grade followed the pattern of a 10 word vocabulary pre-test, being taught those words…

This study investigated the use of an augmented reality (AR) -supported application called STEMUP to develop mobile English courses on Android and iOS smartphones. It focused on vocabulary and listening and speaking skills, in an initial assessment of the effectiveness of implementing AR-based mobile English courses. The study was conducted with…