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Syed, Hassan; Memon, Shumaila; Chachar, Zulfiqar Ali; Zameer, Sharique; Shah, Tanweer – Research in Education, 2022
Willingness to communicate in a second language (L2 WTC) is a speaker's voluntary engagement in communication using a target language. WTC has undergone several conceptualisations over the past twenty years or so. The aim of the current article is to present a narrative review of the major conceptual developments in research on L2 WTC. First, the…
Descriptors: Second Language Learning, Second Language Instruction, Language Usage, Communication (Thought Transfer)
Loughrin-Sacco, Steven J.; And Others – 1989
The procedures used in an ethnographic study of a classroom language learning community are described. The research was undertaken to gain insights into adult language learning taking place among students who were not foreign language majors in an elementary French class at Michigan Technological University during the 1986-87 academic year. The…
Descriptors: Classroom Environment, Classroom Observation Techniques, Classroom Research, Cross Sectional Studies
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Fanselow, John – 1975
Though the need for a language or languages to describe teacher behavior has been recognized for some time, few systems of analysis exist. A conceptual framework and a set of terms have been developed to describe the messages students and teachers send and receive in second language classrooms. This system is called FOCUS (an acronym for Foci for…
Descriptors: Behavioral Science Research, Classroom Communication, Classroom Observation Techniques, Classroom Research