Learning a foreign language includes learning vocabulary together with grammar rules and using language skills by means of them. Words are presented to learners through teachers and coursebooks in educational processes. Yet, it is not possible to teach all the words through lessons, so learners are expected to become independent vocabulary…

Fair educational assessment in linguistically diverse contexts poses new challenges which call for the need to evaluate the impact of context-related language factors on student performance. Based on data from the Basque Autonomous Community in Spain, this research analyses the effect of different factors on a mathematics achievement test. Using…

Home language (HL) effects on academic language literacy have been extensively discussed. However, previous research has mostly focused on Indo--European languages. This study extends the literature by using data (n = 17,600) collected in a diversified language area: Guangxi, China. We examined the effects of four HLs and four socioeconomic…