The present study investigated foreign language classroom anxiety (FLCA) and foreign language enjoyment (FLE) of 492 Chinese learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) in their online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected. The quantitative data revealed that the participants reported higher…

This study investigated English learner profiles and challenges among 884 Korean 5th-grade students, with a focus on the role of AI-assisted language learning in shaping proficiency outcomes. While AI-based interventions have gained popularity, their effectiveness across diverse learner populations remains insufficiently explored. The study aimed…

The present study was carried out to explore whether English as a foreign language (EFL) learners' background, motivational, instructional, and information and communication technologies (ICT)-related characteristics predicted differences in writing performance across 13 educational systems. The multilevel analyses indicated that female, younger…

Engagement is seen as a highly desirable outcome and process contributing to successful learning. In second language acquisition (SLA), we know comparatively little about the nature of engagement for learning a language, in particular the kind of individual differences in learners that account for variations in engagement. In this study, we…

Grit is among the individual difference (ID) variables that have recently come to the attention of researchers investigating second language acquisition. While some empirical evidence has been accumulated, it is clearly scant and limited, also because of the fact that many studies have looked into domain-general grit rather than this attribute as…

The past decade has witnessed a surge of research interest in diverse emotions that foreign/second language (L2) learners experience. However, research on L2 boredom is just starting. The current study focuses on foreign language learning boredom (FLLB) and foreign language enjoyment (FLE), and examines how they are associated with a wide range of…

Although language learners' knowledge of second language (L2) speech acts is postulated to be substantially influenced by learner variables, there is little empirical evidence of the influence of pragmatic motivation (PM) and willingness to communicate (WTC). To address this gap, this study sought to investigate the impact of PM and WTC as two…

This study examines whether and to what extent video, voice and text-based communication in a synchronous online foreign language classroom affect the university students' willingness to communicate (WTC) and what impact anxiety, online disinhibition and online attention control exert on the level of WTC. Applying a cross-sectional design, a…

Previous research has investigated the effectiveness of implicit and explicit instructional methods on second language (L2) learners' grammatical accuracy. However, there is a scarcity of studies focused on the effects of the two teaching methods on L2 learners' pronunciation. To fill this gap, the present study examined the effects of implicit…

Motivation is a key factor in predicting K-12 students' online learning success. Drawing on self-determination theory, this study used a person-centered approach to identify the motivational profiles of students taking online high school language courses, and to examine such profiles' relationships to their learning outcomes, genders and reasons…

As digital technology is becoming an increasingly critical component of education, learners' socioeconomic status (SES) and technology use are becoming more important in their learning. In the context of English learning, the present study modeled how learners' SES and their perception of technology use for language learning are linked to their…

The COVID-19 pandemic has provided second language (L2) learners with additional challenges regarding how to obtain an enjoyable experience while achieving a better learning attainment. Despite a growing body of studies that substantiated the predictive effect of grit, foreign language enjoyment (FLE), and foreign language classroom anxiety (FLA)…

Online learning's application in the language learning process has become an important topic as the COVID-19 crisis has restricted in-person classes. This study investigates student satisfaction in an online language learning course at a higher educational institution in Vietnam. The study tested the influence of learner-learner, learner-content,…

Purpose: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which restricted face to face instruction, most of the educational institutions have been obliged to continue their education through distance education without examining the conditions necessary for effective online learning. The researcher who offered more than 100 class hours of English instruction…

This research compared the contributions of lexical inferencing, decoding, and listening comprehension to reading comprehension in Chinese-speaking learners of English as a second language (ESL) enrolled in university bridging programs in the U.S. and Chinese-speaking university learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) in mainland China.…