Guided by Astin's I-E-O model and critical quantitative inquiry, we examined institutional environments that contributed to belongingness, especially for students from different racial groups, college generation statuses, and the intersection of both. Using multiple linear regression analyses, we analyzed data from 7,888 students and found that…

A model is proposed and tested which suggests that students who come to school with more positive attitudes toward the political system generalize these attitudes to the school as a substitute political system. In turn, they seek out involvement in extracurricular and governance activities in the high school. To test this model, two attitude…