As digital technology use increases in K-12 education, greater numbers of strategies become available to support students in mathematics. One technology that provides students diverse representations of mathematical concepts is virtual manipulatives. Although instruction featuring representations with physical manipulatives possesses a large body…

Counting is an important functional skill that is embedded throughout people's daily lives, which can result in numerous meaningful opportunities through which students can learn. Counting, especially early counting, provides a foundation for the development of later mathematics understanding and is highly predictive of later mathematics…

Over seven million students in the United States public school system are served by the special education system, including over 700,000 children between the ages of three and five (National Center for Education Statistics, 2021). These students are legally entitled to the educational opportunities and programs offered to their non-disabled peers,…

Children with cognitive delays or developmental disabilities are at elevated risk of having a persistent mathematics disability. Students who have difficulty in mathematics display trouble with awareness of numbers and numeric concepts. This is alarming because students who display lower mathematics performance early on in school make smaller…

Implementing an integrated sequence of concrete-representational-abstract depictions of mathematics concepts (CRA-I) can improve the mathematics achievement of students with disabilities, and explicit instructional strategies involving problem-solving heuristics and student verbalizations can help facilitate students' conceptual understanding of…