The problem was to determine the relationship between performance on Piagetian class inclusion tasks and on missing-addend computation and verbal problem tasks for first-Grade students, and to describe the methods used by the children in solving both the missing-addend and the verbal problem tasks. From 168 first-grade students who received a…

This study investigated the effectiveness of using the Calcumate, a copyrighted commercially available product, in teaching subtraction to average, disturbed, and retarded children in third, fourth, and fifth grades. The mechanical device simulates borrowing in subtraction problems involving two-digit numbers. Forty students were given these…