Examples cited refute a generally accepted view that the origins of metaphors are arbitrary. To illustrate this point, examples are cited of how products of nature (curcubitic plants: melons, pumpkins) are used as references to people and their characteristics (hardiness, appearance, texture, inertness, reproductive and sexual connotations). In…

A curriculum theory begins in the transference of meaning from the familiar and the comprehensible to the abstract and perplexing problems arising from the actual teaching situation. These metaphors that evolve into theories serve to direct research by creating a symbolic language. (JN)

Research supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Bonn-Bad Godesberg, West Germany. (DD)

Challenges the contention of science that scientific language eliminates figurative language and, instead, demonstrates the relationship of metaphor, models, and analogy to scientific concepts. (AM)

This paper discusses teaching "Black Elk Speaks" in the college classroom and examines how symbolic language is generated in our own experience. An activity is described in which students' dreams were performed in order that the students might better see how the dream functions in "Black Elk Speaks." The activity resulted in a discussion of the…