Describes various distinctively shaped clay tokens used in western Asia centuries before the Sumerians invented writing. These tokens appear to have served as a basis for Sumerian ideographs. ( MA)

An exploration of the interpretive potential semiotics offers for study and understanding of meaning production in science classrooms is presented. Some very basic concepts of the theory are introduced, followed by analysis of a single science lesson. The organization of the room, the structure of the lesson, and the behavior and interaction of…

Provides a categorization of the processes and products of science and discusses the need for science educators to provide quantitative and symbolic understandings of science using the mathematical ideas of symbols, proportions and scaling, and axiomatic methods of inductive and deductive proof. (MKR)