This pilot study was a limited exploratory investigation of certain aspects of visual symbolization ability in matched pairs of literate and illiterate adults. It was asserted that written symbolization serves as an economical means of reality comprehension and testing. This basic function of symbolization must be learned and accepted…

Rural non-readers and culturally different students often perform poorly on intelligence tests. The Gilliland General Purpose Learning Potential Examination is an intelligence test developed specifically to indicate the learning potential of those students. Five of the examination's seven sections are unrelated to the ability to read, one requires…