The article reports aspects of the evolution of a teaching approach over repeated trials for beginning symbolic algebra. The teaching approach emphasized the structural similarity between arithmetic and algebraic expressions and aimed at supporting students in making a transition from arithmetic to beginning algebra. The study was conducted with…

Infants were exposed to symbolic gestures from their parents beginning at 11 months of age. In bimonthly interviews, mothers reported their infants' use of gestures and words. Results indicated a smaller but reliable difference between the onset of infants' use of symbolic gesture and the onset of their use of words than earlier research…

Despite considerable work concerning relationships between cognition and language in the second year of life, these relationships remain obscure. Clarification depends on resolution in at least three major areas. First, studies should be expanded beyond the scope of cognitive prerequisite models that have been difficult to conceptualize and that…

TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF INSTRUCTIONAL APPROACHES FOR SUBTRACTION AND/OR TIME OF SYMBOLIZATION UPON (1) ACHIEVEMENT IN ARITHMETIC, (2) ATTAINMENT OF NUMBER CONCEPTS, (3) ATTITUDES TOWARD ARITHMETIC IN GRADES ONE AND TWO, THIS REPORT ASSESSES FOUR EXPERIMENTAL CLASSES, THERE WERE TWO FIRST GRADE CLASSES OF 20 PUPILS EACH AND TWO SECOND GRADE…

This study examined (1) the level of symbolic capability as revealed in play, (2) the use of spontaneous vocal imitation, and (3) the nature of certain classes of words occurring in spontaneous infant language. Facets of child behavior were examined during the period of single-word utterances and early multiword combinations with a view to…

Presents a longitudinal case study of one girl's artistic development from age 2 to 6 years to illustrate the interplay between the child's symbolic development and the social context in which she draws. Considers the observer-researcher as a "co-constructor" of artistic development, highlighting the need for models of development that integrate…

The development of and relationship between early language, symbolic play, sensorimotor skills, and social development were examined in a longitudinal study conducted in Japan with two young autistic males who were observed from the approximate ages of 2 to 4 years in clinic, day care, and home settings. One child acquired speech; the other did…

The Cognitive Education Project centered at the University of Alberta undertook a 3-year longitudinal evaluation of two cognitive education programs aimed at teaching thinking skills. The critical difference between the two experimental programs was that one, Feuerstein's Instrumental Enrichment (IE) method was taught out of curricular content,…

This longitudinal study investigated the ways in which two groups of eight students used spreadsheets to represent and solve algebra problems and related this to their previous arithmetical experiences and evolving use of symbolic language. The spreadsheet environment supported students to move from specific to general thinking. Includes story…