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Peer reviewedFennema, Elizabeth H. – Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 1972
A concrete and a symbolic approach to learning multiplication in the second grade are studied. The results, indicating that children using the symbolic model performed at a higher level than those using a concrete model, are discussed. (DT)
Descriptors: Elementary School Mathematics, Experiential Learning, Instruction, Learning
Punn, Avtar Kaur – 1973
This study was conducted to determine the relative effectiveness of the use of three different combinations of enactive, ikonic and symbolic representation in teaching multiplication to third-grade students. Ninety students in three classrooms were instructed in accordance with the assigned treatment for nine weeks. Groups were equated using the…
Descriptors: Achievement, Arithmetic, Attitudes, Doctoral Dissertations
