Through historical and contemporary research, educators have identified widespread misconceptions and difficulties faced by students in learning algebra. Many of these universal issues stem from content addressed long before students take their first algebra course. Yet elementary and middle school teachers may not understand how the subtleties of…

The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics [NCTM] requires students in grades nine through 12 to be able to explain inequalities using mathematical relational symbols and be able to understand the meaning of inequalities and their solutions (NCTM, 2000). Studies have shown that not only middle and high school students have difficulties with…

A cross-curricular structured-probe task-based clinical interview study with 44 pairs of third year high-school mathematics students, most of whom were high achieving, was conducted to investigate their approaches to a variety of algebra problems. This paper presents results from three problems that were posed in symbolic form. Two problems are…

Teachers and researchers have long recognized that students tend to misunderstand the equal sign as an operator; that is, a signal for "doing something" rather than a relational symbol of equivalence or quantity sameness. Students' equal sign misconception has been researched for more than thirty years (Weaver, 1971, 1973) with little…

Surveys texts of grades 6 through 9 and makes quantitative and qualitative analyses of the instructional emphasis on selected concatenations in written mathematics. Indicates much curricular emphasis on unsigned (without negative signs) numeral forms and integers as compared to minimal curricular emphasis on signed (with negative signs) fraction,…

A short story is presented which uses as its characters rational and irrational numbers and numbers involving fractional exponents. (DT)

Discusses terminology used by teachers for the symbol "-x" which cause students to become confused. Suggested methods of avoiding this confusion are presented. (JP)

Introduces a strategy for writing equations of graphs to help students and teachers build strong conceptual connections between the symbolic representations of algebra and the spatial representations of geometry. (Author/MKR)

The relationship between eight skills and one concept used on maps and their companion spatial abilities in mathematics are presented and discussed: symbols, perspective, location, direction, distance, relief, elevation, scale, and territoriality. (MNS)

Children may perform computational operations readily when dealing with physical materials, but may have difficulty dealing with representational stimuli (pictures of objects) or symbolic stimuli. Describes and illustrates the function of mediators in moving from physical to representational or symbolic stimuli. (PR)

Traces three major stages in the development of algebraic notation: (1) rhetorical or prose; (2) syncopated; and (3) symbolic. Illustrates the development of a standardized, efficient symbol system by tracing the evolution of some common symbols, including the symbols for equals, addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. (Author/WRM)

The ability of students to sort cards based on surface features and deep patterns is investigated. The effect of the presence of variables and what makes a pattern difficult or easy for students to recognize are discussed. Study revealed that students are unsuccessful at making connections between expressions, sentences, and sequences which share…

A study interviewed 6 grade-6 students after participation in 21 lessons on basic concepts of fractions and decimals to determine how different children construct rational number concepts. Discussed the formation of the key concept of equivalent fractions based on student responses to interview questions. (MDH)

Explores the role that symbolic-graphical calculators can play in the current calls for reform in the mathematics curriculum. Discusses symbolic calculators and graphing calculators in relation to problem solving, computational skills, and mathematics instruction. (MDH)