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Direct linkKitajima, Ryu – Foreign Language Annals, 2016
Corpus linguistics identifies the qualitative difference in the characteristics of spoken discourse vs. written academic discourse. Whereas spoken discourse makes greater use of finite dependent clauses functioning as constituents in other clauses, written academic discourse incorporates noun phrase constituents and complex phrases. This claim can…
Descriptors: Computational Linguistics, Protocol Analysis, Statistical Analysis, Second Language Learning
Download full textBiber, Douglas; Gray, Bethany – ETS Research Report Series, 2013
One of the major innovations of the "TOEFL iBT"® test is the incorporation of integrated tasks complementing the independent tasks to which examinees respond. In addition, examinees must produce discourse in both modes (speech and writing). The validity argument for the TOEFL iBT includes the claim that examinees vary their discourse in…
Descriptors: Discourse Analysis, English (Second Language), Second Language Learning, Language Tests
Hinkel, Eli – Applied Language Learning, 2005
This study analyzes the types and frequencies of hedges and intensifiers employed in NS and NNS academic essays included in a corpus of L1 and L2 student academic texts (745 essays/220,747 words). The overarching goal of this investigation is to focus on these lexical and syntactic features of written discourse because they effectively lend…
Descriptors: Academic Discourse, Language Usage, Syntax, Written Language
