Reports a study that identified elements of surface grammar essential for English-as-a-second-language (ESL) learners' use of communication strategies (CS) in survival situations. The taxonomy developed provided a basis for identifying the semantic components and syntactic structures required to implement the CS. An appropriate sequence is…

The child in a bilingual or bidialectal situation must increase his skills so that he may function successfully in a wider variety of situations and know how and when to use both language codes. The curriculum described here, used in Head Start classes, is a carefully programmed, very detailed presentation of syntactic patterns that appear with…