Kashubian, which is considered a dialect of Polish by some linguists and a separate Slavic language by others, is spoken in a small area along the Baltic coast of northern Poland. The present study, an attempt to help fill the gap in the investigation of Slavic languages in the United States, deals primarily with the speech of a Minnesota-born…

Representative research studies of the interference of Vernacular Black English (VBE) on beginning reading of VBE speakers at the phonological, grammatical, and lexical and content levels are examined. The following conclusions emerge: (1) phonological interference in learning to read has not been established; (2) VBE does not clearly interfere…

Several focal points for southwestern American Indian English research are proposed. This variation is used on reservations or in urban Indian enclaves when the "Indianness" of the discussion or participants needs formal linguistic marking. One research goal is to demonstrate that tribal varieties of Indian English actually exist.…

The purpose of the investigation reported in this document is to determine the range of errors in the spontaneous speech of Puerto Rican children of intermediate English ability in order to provide specific information on phonetic and morphological deviations from standard English for use in curriculum development. The study first considers common…