One of the key findings from decades of educational effectiveness research is the importance of the classroom level as a predictor of pupil outcomes. In this review, we therefore look at synthesising our best evidence from research on effective teaching, and its corollary, teacher development. In the 1st section, we will look at key findings from…

Studies focusing on the quality of education and equality of educational opportunity in the classroom generally indicated that teachers behave less favorably toward students who (1) come from lower socioeconomic status homes, (2) are lower academic achievers, (3) speak other than standard English, and (4) come from ethnic minority backgrounds such…

The four classes of learning experience found in an instructional system are defined as 1) orienting experiences, which provide a set of referents essential to meaningful study, and which may take the form of direct observation of children or teachers in classrooms, observation of filmed models, etc., and which may be used at any level; 2)…