A systems approach provides planning by which counselors can (a) specify what they are trying to accomplish in operational terms, (b) develop specific procedures to promote these objectives, (c) monitor the client's progress continuously, and (d) determine empirically whether or not the counseling goals have been accomplished. (Author)

Describes a teaching technique based on learning unit reinforcement which is intended to help students learn more in less time. The authors maintain that the systematic application of the method resulted in a 20 percent saving of instruction time as compared with the general standards in Soviet elementary and secondary schools. (Author/DB)

Suggested is a learning systems approach designed to be consistent with the objectives and scope of developmental psychology and yet sophisticated and appropriate enough to fit the unique demands of early childhood education. Identified are eight contingencies for learning that any educational system must possess. Added to these are features…

Needs assessment is a systematic procedure by which educational needs are identified and ranked in order of priority. The process involves the use of both objective (achievement test scores) and subjective (attitudinal measures) information to identify and rank educational needs. A procedure to guide the needs assessment effort includes various…