Systems thinking (ST) is an essential competence for future life and biology learning. Appropriate assessment is critical for collecting sufficient information to develop ST in biology education. This research offers an ST framework based on a comprehensive understanding of biological systems, encompassing four skills across three complexity…

In this study, a systems methodology was devised for determing knowledge and skills common to piloting tasks required by differing aircraft missions to form a data base for developing a task oriented flight training program. The general approach was to identify and classify specific tasks performed by Air Force pilots, with the required level of…