The teaching of writing in secondary English subjects in Australia, as in other countries including England and the United States, has become increasingly formulaic. Pedagogies including direct instruction, modelling, scaffolding, and genre-based approaches involve the implementation of formulas for writing sentences, paragraphs, and entire…

This study investigated teachers' classroom practices in teaching English writing skills through competence-based language teaching among secondary students in the Mtama district. It aimed to identify teachers' instructional strategies and explore the challenges faced in ordinary-level classrooms. Employing a qualitative case study design, the…