Explores the epistemological underpinnings of a widely advocated approach to the teaching of reading called the balanced approach. Summarizes the differences and commonalities in different approaches that have been labeled "balanced." Formulates a preliminary epistemological theory of balance in reading. Explores the benefits of considering…

Describes the problems of a hypothetical disabled reader in terms of his possible lack of phonological awareness. Explains phonological awareness and its subunits with examples. Discusses research that supports the notion that phonological awareness is necessary for reading success, as well as the issue of whether children can be taught…

Argues that learning how to read in an alphabetic system requires children to understand the complex relationship between print and speech. Suggests that prereading and beginning reading instruction should be designed to facilitate the acquisition of phonemic awareness. Recommends specific practices for reading instruction. (RS)

Provides an overview of the reading comprehension process from an interactionist perspective. Reviews key components of effective comprehension instruction, including metacognitive instruction. Gives examples of instructional interventions that have been implemented successfully with students experiencing reading difficulties. (RS)

Examines secondary school reading instruction from the information-processing and sociocultural perspectives. Reviews research on cognitive strategy instruction and its effectiveness. Presents implications for instruction. (HB)

Suggests that few teachers understand the debilitating effect that social skill deficits have on a child's daily life. Notes that instructional strategies such as cooperative learning groups and social stories can help children improve their social behavior. Encourages all educators not only to emphasize academics, but also to seize any…

Notes many students with disabilities benefit from prompts for reading in general education classrooms. Considers how visual, auditory, kinesthetic, and tactile prompts implemented by the teacher, by the student with minimal teacher assistance, or by the student independently can facilitate more effective reading. Describes strategies for using…

Summarizes findings about repeated reading since the 1970s and details the most recent findings. Argues that, because of strong evidence of the effectiveness of repeated reading, the many facets of this procedure should be integrated into the fabric of daily literacy instruction. Offers specific suggestions for applications including applications…

Reviews research on effective strategies for teaching reading comprehension; written composition of narrative and expository text; and strategies for integrating reading and writing. Provides a set of teaching guidelines after each research review. Argues for teaching reading and writing as connected processes that have similar structures. (RS)

Outlines a balanced view of writing instruction emphasizing process, product, and purpose. Proposes various principles of writing that instructors should foster among student writers. Gives examples of these principles in practice. Argues for more carefully structured teacher-directed instruction. (HB)

Reviews research on the effectiveness of story grammar in promoting the comprehension of narrative text in students with learning disabilities and at-risk students. Offers instructional recommendations for successful implementation of this strategy. (RS)