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Download full textHannafin, Michael J. – 1984
A total of 121 third and fourth graders were randomly assigned to instructional treatments which each featured a short children's story. The treatments were oral-only, picture-only, and a combination of oral and pictures. Students saw and/or heard the presentation and were tested immediately and after a two-week retention interval for recall of…
Descriptors: Abstract Reasoning, Elementary Education, Grade 3, Grade 4
Carey, James Otto – 1976
The purpose of this study was threefold: to determine whether adding a mnemonic to systematically designed instruction would improve verbal retention, to establish whether retention is better for concrete or abstract information, and to determine whether mental imagery or verbal elaboration is more effective for learning concrete or abstract…
Descriptors: Abstract Reasoning, Cognitive Processes, Doctoral Dissertations, Educational Research
