This article provides a critical review of popular models for literacy pedagogy with regard for the needs of low-literacy refugee-background students. We argue that in a context of high linguistic diversity there is a need to re-evaluate teaching practices and curriculum in a way that is more responsive to difference and which pays closer…

A special subgroup of Limited English Speaking students is often referred to as students with limited formal schooling (LFS) or "preliterates" because they have not yet had the opportunity to learn to read. This digest explores important aspects of the LFS student population, defining LFS students and discussing their impact on schools,…

THE PRONOUNS INTRODUCED IN LESSON 8 ARE REVIEWED THROUGH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. A DOUBLE QUESTION IS USED AND EXTENDED IN TWO SEPARATE FRAMES. THE FIRST QUESTION CONTAINS THE NEW WORD "WHO" AND IS SPOKEN BY A HELPER. AN EXAMPLE OF PRONOUN REVIEW IS "WHO IS THIS."--THE PICTURE DISPLAYS A THIN MAN IN A ROOM. "THIS IS THE…

THE INTRODUCTION OF PRONOUNS IS CONTINUED. "HIM" AND "HER" ALONG WITH THE POSSESSIVE "S" ARE INTRODUCED. THROUGH THE INTRODUCTION OF THE POSSESSIVE CASE, THE LESSON ALSO CONTRIBUTES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHARACTERS WHO APPEAR IN THIS AND EARLIER LESSONS. INFORMATION ABOUT THE CHARACTERS IS PRESENTED. FOR EXAMPLE,…

LESSON 7 BEGINS THE SECOND QUESTION AND ANSWER SEQUENCE IN THE FIRST UNIT. THE FUNCTION OF THIS SEQUENCE IS TO REVIEW ALL THE PREPOSITIONS INTRODUCED IN LESSON 6. THE NEW WORD "WHERE" IS INTRODUCED BY THE HELPER'S ASKING A QUESTION CONTAINING THE WORD "WHERE." THE STUDENT ANSWERS BY READING THE ANSWER UNDER THE PICTURE. THE…

THE LESSON INTRODUCES THE LAST POSSESSIVE PRONOUN FOR THIS UNIT, THE WORD "THEIR." THE POSSESSIVE CASE AND ALL THE POSSESSIVE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CHARACTER AND OBJECTS ARE THEN REVIEWED IN A QUESTION AND ANSWER SEQUENCE. THE WORD "WHOSE" IS CONTAINED IN SOME QUESTIONS. FINALLY, THE LESSON INTRODUCES "QUESTION" AND…

THE NAMES OF FOUR FOODS - CORN, MILK, BREAD, AND HAM - ARE INTRODUCED BY LINKING THEM WITH PICTURES. A NEW ARTICLE, "THIS," IS INTRODUCED. DISCRIMINATION IS DRAWN BETWEEN "THIS" AND "THE." A SEQUENCE TEACHES THE DIAGRAPH "TH." THE ARTICLE "A" AND THE VERB "ARE" ARE INTRODUCED. THE STUDENT…

THE NOUNS--TABLE, DOOR, ROOM, HOUSE, AND BED--ARE INTRODUCED BY PRESENTING THEM WITH APPROPRIATE PICTURES. THE RELATIONSHIP IS MADE STRONGER BY A DEMAND FOR RECOGNITION IN SITUATIONS WHERE NOUNS ARE COMPARED AND CONTRASTED TO PICTURES. "THE" AND "AND" ARE INTRODUCED BY VISUAL AND ORAL CUES FROM A HELPER. FURTHER DISCRIMINATION…

LESSON 4 BEGINS THE INTRODUCTION OF QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. THE HELPER BEGINS BY ASKING A QUESTION. THE STUDENT RESPONDS BY READING THE SENTENCE INTRODUCED IN THE LAST LESSON. NEXT, THE QUESTIONS ARE READ BY THE STUDENT. PUNCTUATION IS INTRODUCED--QUESTION MARKS DENOTING QUESTIONS AND PERIODS INDICATING ANSWERS. THEN THE STUDENT IS ASKED TO READ A…

ONE OF THREE STORIES WAS USED AS SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL TO THE FIRST UNIT, THIS STORY CONCERNS A BOY WHO IS FORCED TO RAKE LEAVES BY HIS MOTHER. THE TEXT IS DRAMATIZED BY RELATED ILLUSTRATIONS AND USES THE READING VOCABULARY DEVELOPED IN THE FIRST UNIT.

THE NAMES OF CLOTHES ARE INTRODUCED - DRESS, SHIRT, TIE, AND HAT - BY LINKING VISUAL AND ORAL CUES TO THE WORDS. FROM A REVIEW OF THE SECOND LESSON, THE PHRASE "THE BIG DAY" IS INTRODUCED (ARTICLE, ADJECTIVE, NOUN). TO THIS PHRASE "IS" IS ADDED. THE STUDENT MUST RECOGNIZE "IS" AS A NEW WORD AND MUST UNDERLINE IT IN…

PICTURES OF FOUR NOUNS ARE INTRODUCED--MAN, WOMAN, CAT, AND DOG. THE NEXT SEQUENCE OF PAGES TEACHES WORD RECOGNITION THROUGH CONFIGURATION. A GEOMETRIC FORM IN THE SHAPE OF THE WORD IS LINKED WITH THE WORD ITSELF, FOLLOWED BY A PICTURE-WORD DISCRIMINATION FOR EACH OF THE FOUR NOUNS. THE WORD IS COMPARED AND CONTRASTED TO PICTURES. THE SERIES THEN…

The major theory examined in this paper is that the increasing problem of illiteracy in the United States may be due to a faulty method of teaching reading. The causes of the illiteracy problem and possible solutions are explored using evidence from reading research and classroom results. The following topics concerning the teaching of reading are…

THE PROGRAMING USED PRESENTS MATERIAL IN SMALL STEPS WHICH CALL FOR AN ACTIVE RESPONSE FOLLOWED BY AN IMMEDIATE CONFIRMATION. THE THREE-STEP CYCLE IS REPEATED FOR EACH PIECE OF MATERIAL. THIS TYPE OF PROGRAM ALLOWS SELF-PACING, LOW-ERROR RATE, HIGH MOTIVATION AND EASY DEVELOPMENT TESTING. THE PROJECT USED THIS TECHNIQUE TO TEACH READING TO…

SELF-INSTRUCTIONAL DIRECTIONS ARE INTRODUCED. THE LESSON BEGINS WITH ORAL REVIEW QUESTIONS. THE PRONOUN "IT" IS USED IN THE ANSWER. THE WORDS "LINE" AND "DRAW" ARE INTRODUCED. THE NEXT SEQUENCE INCLUDES THE INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE STUDENT TO READ SILENTLY. THE STUDENT IS NOT ASKED TO GIVE ANY ORAL RESPONSE. THE HELPER…