The development of digital competence has become an important part of higher education, and digital competence assessments have attracted considerable attention and concerns. Previous studies in this area mainly focused on self-reporting and manual review methods such as questionnaires, which offer limited assessment value. To solve this issue,…

The integration of ChatGPT into educational systems underscores the critical importance of reevaluating the relevance of digital literacy skills. This study empirically tested, for the first time, the theoretical premise that the use of ChatGPT could render certain digital skills obsolete by assuming competencies that students were previously…