In this study the authors investigated the effects of integrating iPad applications into writing instruction for fifth grade students. By comparing the writing of students taught with paper and pencil methods with that of students utilizing the iPad writing applications, two research questions guided the study: (1) Are there differences in student…

This paper reviews the historical development of programed instruction from the works of S.L. Pressey and B.F. Skinner to the concept of program-assisted instruction. A categorical listing of both the limitations and the capabilities of programed instruction is included. (RL)

The problem of structuring sequences of instructional stimuli such that learning is optimized is modelled as a sequential decision problem with an imbedded mathematical model of learning providing a criterion function. Three types of optimization methods for such a representation are investigated for the specific case of paired-associate learning…