In the 21st century, VIVOs (voice-in/voice-out computers using visual displays but no text) will make written language obsolete. Written language is essentially a technology created 6,000 to 10,000 years ago for storing and retrieving information. VIVOs will perform this same function more easily, efficiently, and universally without requiring…

This bibliography is an addendum to a 1987 update of an earlier bibliography on proficiency-related issues in language teaching and testing. The bibliography includes publications that appeared in 1987 and 1988, and a few that appeared in 1986. The 84 citations include basic bibliographic information, and are organized in the following categories:…