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Schulz, Wolfram; Fraillon, Julian – Educational Research and Evaluation, 2011
When comparing data derived from tests or questionnaires in cross-national studies, researchers commonly assume measurement invariance in their underlying scaling models. However, different cultural contexts, languages, and curricula can have powerful effects on how students respond in different countries. This article illustrates how the…
Descriptors: Citizenship Education, International Studies, Item Response Theory, International Education

Bontempo, Robert – Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1993
Describes a method for assessing the quality of translations based on item response theory (IRT). Results from the IRT technique with French and Chinese versions of a scale measuring individualism-collectivism for samples of 250 U.S., 357 French, and 290 Chinese undergraduates show how several biased items are detected. (SLD)
Descriptors: Chinese, Comparative Testing, Cross Cultural Studies, Foreign Countries