When researchers code behavior that is undetectable or falls outside of the validated ordinal scale, the resultant outcomes often suffer from informative missingness. Incorrect analysis of such data can lead to biased arguments around efficacy and effectiveness in the context of experimental and intervention research. Here, we detail a new…

We use Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) analysis to construct a three-question math quiz to assess key skills needed for introductory finance. We begin with data collected from a ten-question criterion-referenced math quiz given to 314 undergraduates on the first day of class. MCMC indicates the top three questions for predicting overall course…

In this study, we investigated gender and minority achievement gaps on 8th-grade science items employing a multilevel item response methodology. Both gaps were wider on physics and earth science items than on biology and chemistry items. Larger gender gaps were found on items with specific topics favoring male students than other items, for…