The two phases in the development and tryout of a Guidance Counselor Test to be added to the National Teacher Examinations Program are discussed. In Phase One, a 150-item written test and a 50-item written test based on taped stimulus material were produced. Each test consisted of five-choice multiple-choice questions. In Phase Two, the tests were…

The aim of this study is to explore the possibility of creating positive washback by focusing on factors in the background of the test development process and anticipating the conditions most likely to lead to positive wash-back. The article reports on a multiphase empirical study investigating the washback effects of a needs-based test of spoken…