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Direct linkPhillips, Gary W. – Applied Measurement in Education, 2015
This article proposes that sampling design effects have potentially huge unrecognized impacts on the results reported by large-scale district and state assessments in the United States. When design effects are unrecognized and unaccounted for they lead to underestimating the sampling error in item and test statistics. Underestimating the sampling…
Descriptors: State Programs, Sampling, Research Design, Error of Measurement
Peer reviewedPhillips, Gary W. – Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 1990
In 1987, a survey report by J. Cannell was published criticizing state reports based on national standardized testing of elementary school students that indicated that all 50 states were above the national average. This phenomenon--known as the "Lake Wobegon Effect"--is analyzed. Technical problems with the study are considered. (TJH)
Descriptors: Achievement Tests, Elementary Education, Evaluation Methods, National Norms
