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Mueller, Shane T.; Perelman, Brandon S.; Tan, Yin Yin; Thanasuan, Kejkaew – Journal of Problem Solving, 2015
The traveling salesman problem (TSP) is a combinatorial optimization problem that requires finding the shortest path through a set of points ("cities") that returns to the starting point. Because humans provide heuristic near-optimal solutions to Euclidean versions of the problem, it has sometimes been used to investigate human visual…
Descriptors: Sales Occupations, Salesmanship, Computer System Design, Computer Software Reviews
Bejar, Isaac I. – Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 2011
Automated scoring of constructed responses is already operational in several testing programmes. However, as the methodology matures and the demand for the utilisation of constructed responses increases, the volume of automated scoring is likely to increase at a fast pace. Quality assurance and control of the scoring process will likely be more…
Descriptors: Evidence, Quality Control, Scoring, Quality Assurance
Xi, Xiaoming; Higgins, Derrick; Zechner, Klaus; Williamson, David M. – ETS Research Report Series, 2008
This report presents the results of a research and development effort for SpeechRater? Version 1.0 (v1.0), an automated scoring system for the spontaneous speech of English language learners used operationally in the Test of English as a Foreign Languageâ„¢ (TOEFL®) Practice Online assessment (TPO). The report includes a summary of the validity…
Descriptors: Speech, Scoring, Scoring Rubrics, Scoring Formulas

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