This chapter introduces theory that undergirds the role of testing adaptations in assessment, provides examples of item modifications and testing accommodations, reviews research relevant to each, and introduces a new paradigm that incorporates opportunity to learn (OTL), academic enablers, testing adaptations, and inferences that can be made from…

Alternative approaches are discussed for use of e-rater[R] to score the TOEFL iBT[R] Writing test. These approaches involve alternate criteria. In the 1st approach, the predicted variable is the expected rater score of the examinee's 2 essays. In the 2nd approach, the predicted variable is the expected rater score of 2 essay responses by the…

This study investigated whether or not the validity of the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) is both higher and less variable across colleges than it appears to be. Data from 99 validity studies conducted by the Validity Study Service of the College Board were used. In addition to test validities based on first-year college averages, which were…