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Phelps, Richard P. – Online Submission, 2005
John J. Cannell's late 1980s "Lake Wobegon" reports suggested widespread deliberate educator manipulation of norm-referenced standardized test (NRT) administrations and results, resulting in artificial test score gains. The Cannell studies have been referenced in education research since, but as evidence that high stakes (and not cheating or lax…
Descriptors: Testing Programs, Achievement Gains, Standardized Tests, Norm Referenced Tests