This report deals with the effects of an individual's expectations regarding how he will be tested on what he does during learning and what gets stored in memory. It is maintained that essay exams requiring recall are preferable to objective (recognition) tests. There are some bits of empirical evidence as well as some theoretical reasons to…

This manual is intended to serve as a step-by-step guide to writing criterion-referenced tests. It includes directions on constructing and scoring various types of test items to measure each level of cognitive function. The manual gives a method for writing, analyzing and rewriting instructional objectives; preparing a content outline; matching…