Spaced retrieval practice harnesses two well-studied phenomena: the spacing effect, where spacing out practice over several sessions leads to a gain in retention compared to massed practice in one session; and the testing effect, where material that is tested is better retained than material that is restudied. This meta-analysis investigates if,…

The arrival of ChatGPT and other artificial intelligence (AI) has caused considerable concern for educators worldwide, many of whom are still recovering from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the debate continues around the use of AI in education, one approach to ensure students are achieving their learning objectives, the oral exam or…

High-stakes exams are often administered at designated test centers, requiring many students to test in unfamiliar environments. We investigate whether such arrangements impact students' test performance and, by extension, access to educational opportunities. Using unique administrative data from China's national college entrance examination…

Natural category learning is important in science education. One strategy that has been empirically supported for enhancing category learning is testing, which facilitates not only the learning of previously studied information (backward testing effect) but also the learning of newly studied information (forward testing effect). However, in…

Understanding the intraindividual relation between an individual's speed and ability in testing scenarios is essential to assure a fair assessment. Different approaches exist for estimating this relationship, that either rely on specific study designs or on specific assumptions. This paper aims to add to the toolbox of approaches for estimating…

Multiple choice questions (MCQs) are a common way to assess reading comprehension. Every MCQ needs a set of distractor answers that are incorrect, but plausible enough to test student knowledge. However, good distractors are hard to create. Distractor generation (DG) models have been proposed, and their performance is typically evaluated using…

The Regulations of the Commissioner of Education provide that an intermediate-level science test is to be administered in Grade 8 to serve as a basis for determining students' need for academic intervention services in science. The New York State Grade 8 Intermediate-Level Science Test consists of two required components: a Written Test and a…

This article explores the history of digital testing technology. Using an organisation that pioneered the use of international large-scale assessments -- the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) -- I discuss the role of computers, punched cards, answer cards and scanning machines as an example of…

This study aimed to examine the effect of four types of assessment on overall student success in an online college-level climate change course. Quizzes, midterms, lab assignments, and a capstone project as well as knowledge check questions were used to assess different aspects of student learning, consistent with Bloom's taxonomy hierarchy.…

Grades are a staple of education and a gateway to future career opportunities. Yet, grading practices can (re)produce inequities and cause students to feel inadequate and unmotivated. Alternative grading practices may address these problems, but these strategies are often time intensive and impractical in larger classroom settings. In this study,…

This systematic literature review examines research on inclusive policies and practices in higher education institutions published between 2001 and 2021. Six electronic databases (ERIC, Emerald, Web of Science, Wiley Online, Taylor & Francis Online, and Sage journal) were searched. Forty-three articles met the inclusion criteria and were…

Dynamic testing, though underutilized, holds potential for assessing learning and instructional needs. However, its limited adoption is often attributed to the perceived time and labor-intensive nature of its administration. This study explores the viability of a training-only dynamic test (ToDT) with a standardized procedure to identify…

When learning with self-testing alone, will a learner make inferences between the tested items? This study examines whether self-testing's benefits extend beyond isolated facts to support broader connections between the facts. Comparing self-testing to self-explanation (a strategy known to facilitate inferential learning), we find that while…

This study examined the adherence of Senior High School teachers to the principles of test construction, administration, and scoring. Achievement tests play a critical role in assessing student learning and guiding instructional decisions, yet challenges in their effective implementation persist. Using a descriptive research design, data were…

Open education systems play a significant role in providing flexible and accessible learning opportunities to large student populations, independent of time and location. These systems achieve cost efficiency through the effective implementation of economies of scale, reducing unit costs as student numbers increase. However, decision-making in the…