Recent challenges require demonstration of independence of effects of therapy procedures from nonspecifics. Logical tautology precludes demonstration of independence from some nonspecifics. Role of client outcome-expectancy as an interpretive artifact is questionable. The following three articles constitute an interchange of differing perspectives…

Ingratiation as defined by Jones (1965; Jones and Worman, 1973) is "a class of strategic behaviors illicitly designed to influence a particular other person concerning the attractiveness of one's personal qualities." This definition of ingratiation and the connotations of unethical behavior associated with the word make the topic of ingratiation…

Major problem areas in evaluating token economies for psychiatric inpatients are identified and discussed. Three categories of methodological deficiencies frequently encountered in the token economy literature are described: (1) inadequate specification of treatment procedures; (2) insufficient or inadequately described dependent measures; and (3)…

The authors examine the dimensions of effective psychotherapy in an attempt to determine common variables of theoretic models which seem successful. Three such variables are discussed at length--concreteness, intensity and intimacy, and ambiguity. Assuming that one is not born with good therapist skills, one must learn them. Research and its…

This document reviews literature from 1966 to 1976 concerning alternative social contexts (social settings rather than physical settings) for helping the physically and mentally handicapped. The introduction discusses the focus of the review, the relevance of the topic for policy development, and the research methodology employed in the study. A…