The paths of university students from first matriculation to achievement of the doctorate are compared for nine technically-oriented universities in six countries. Although the ages at which doctorates are awarded vary by 6 or 7 years, the amount of effort invested in research in preparation of dissertations varies little, from under 3 years to…

In higher education one of the most important learning goals is deep understanding. Achieving this goal needs time and effort. The authors discuss their observations of student time use on the basis of several case studies which they have conducted in the field of engineering education in Finland. The time that the students spend studying is…