Objectives: Among the 14 indicators identified in Monitoring Progress, this paper focuses on: the adequacy of instructional time (Indicator 2) and opportunities (Indicator 3) for science learning in grades K-5. This paper considers these two indicators together since they form the basis for opportunities to learn science in elementary school.…

With the advent of No Child Left behind in 2002, public education in the United States entered into a reform movement with mounting consequences and ramifications. This unprecedented federal in-road into public education became the umbrella regulator over programs, staff, budgets and students. The purpose of this quantitative study was to…

The amount of time students are exposed to material is one measure of student access to learning opportunities. This information sheet compares instructional time for students in several developed countries. However, how effectively classroom time is used had the greatest influence on student learning. The average amount of time 13-year-olds spent…