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A Systematic Review of Rapid Toilet Training Intervention Intensity for Individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
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Johnson, Jenee Vickers; Travers, Jason C.; Forbes, Heather J.; Zimmerman, Kathleen – Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 2021
Approximately 50 years of research on rapid toilet training (RTT) first used by Azrin and Foxx (1971) indicates RTT is effective for teaching individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) independent toileting routines. Professionals focused on toilet training may be familiar with RTT procedures but be less informed about the…
Descriptors: Autism, Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Toilet Training, Intellectual Disability
Increasing Independent Toileting in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Other Developmental Disabilities: A Systematic Review
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Spencer, Vicky G.; Ello, Meghan – Journal of the American Academy of Special Education Professionals, 2021
Being able to independently and correctly complete a toileting routine is an important developmental milestone for all children, but for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), it may be an extremely difficult skill to acquire (Keen et al., 2007). The focus of this review was to examine the effectiveness of the current research on three…
Descriptors: Autism, Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Toilet Training, Intervention
The Assessment and Treatment of Toileting Difficulties in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Other Developmental Disabilities
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Kady Francis; Arlene Mannion; Geraldine Leader – Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2017
In 2009, Kroeger and Sorensen-Burnworth published a comprehensive review of the literature on toilet training individuals with autism spectrum disorder and other developmental disabilities. Their review highlighted that the majority of toilet training programs were modelled after Azrin and Foxx's Rapid Toilet Training (RTT) method. The current…
Descriptors: Toilet Training, Autism Spectrum Disorders, Developmental Disabilities, Program Evaluation
Toilet Training Individuals with Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities: A Critical Review
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Kroeger, K. A.; Sorensen-Burnworth, Rena – Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2009
The following article reviews the current literature addressing toilet training individuals with autism and other developmental disabilities. The review addresses programs typical to toilet training the developmental disability population, most of which are modeled after the original Foxx and Azrin [Azrin, N. H., & Foxx, R. M. (1971). A rapid…
Descriptors: Autism, Developmental Disabilities, Toilet Training, Training Methods
Does Toilet Training Belong in the Public Schools? A Review of Toilet Training Research.
Snell, Martha E. – Education Unlimited, 1980
The author stresses the importance of toileting instruction as an educational function for severely handicapped and preschool handicapped students and reviews traditional and intensive methods of teaching bladder and bowel control. (CL)
Descriptors: Hygiene, Preschool Education, Self Care Skills, Severe Disabilities
Ten Years Later: Toilet Training in the Post-Azrin-and-Foxx Era.
Anderson, Dana McCoy – Journal of the Association for the Severely Handicapped (JASH), 1982
Studies dealing with toilet training of severely/profoundly retarded persons are reviewed since the systematic operant approach of N. Azrin and R. Foxx in 1971. Replications are said to be few in number and equivocal in results, although modifications with retarded and nonretarded populations have produced informative and innovative approaches.…
Descriptors: Behavior Modification, Hygiene, Operant Conditioning, Self Care Skills