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Direct linkJessica Turpin; Anna Jaggears; Rachel Cagliani; Sara Kathryn Snyder – Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 2024
Extended diaper wearing may limit access to inclusive opportunities including general education settings, summer camps, community-based programming, and job opportunities. Toilet training may be delayed due to more pressing concerns, such as challenging behavior. Individualized education plans should include toilet training children with…
Descriptors: Toilet Training, Hygiene, Inclusion, Students with Disabilities
Cagliani, Rachel R.; Snyder, Sara Kathryn; White, Emily N. – Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2021
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an intensive toilet training program on continence and self-initiation for elementary children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Researchers used a non-concurrent multiple baseline design (Watson and Workman in J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 12:257-259, 1981,…
Descriptors: Toilet Training, Elementary School Students, Students with Disabilities, Autism
Johnson, Jenee Vickers; Travers, Jason C.; Forbes, Heather J.; Zimmerman, Kathleen – Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 2021
Approximately 50 years of research on rapid toilet training (RTT) first used by Azrin and Foxx (1971) indicates RTT is effective for teaching individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) independent toileting routines. Professionals focused on toilet training may be familiar with RTT procedures but be less informed about the…
Descriptors: Autism, Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Toilet Training, Intellectual Disability
Perez, Brandon C.; Bacotti, Janelle K.; Peters, Kerri P.; Vollmer, Timothy R. – Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 2020
The current study evaluated a toilet-training treatment package described by Greer et al. (2016) with children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Most of the current research on toilet-training interventions for children with ASD are replications and modifications of Azrin and Foxx (1971) or (more recently) LeBlanc et al. (2005).…
Descriptors: Autism, Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Toilet Training, Program Effectiveness
Spencer, Vicky G.; Ello, Meghan – Journal of the American Academy of Special Education Professionals, 2021
Being able to independently and correctly complete a toileting routine is an important developmental milestone for all children, but for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), it may be an extremely difficult skill to acquire (Keen et al., 2007). The focus of this review was to examine the effectiveness of the current research on three…
Descriptors: Autism, Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Toilet Training, Intervention
Lomas Mevers, Joanna; Call, Nathan A.; Gerencser, Kristina R.; Scheithauer, Mindy; Miller, Sarah J.; Muething, Colin; Hewett, Shannon; McCracken, Courtney; Scahill, Lawrence; McElhanon, Barbara O. – Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2020
Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are often delayed in achieving bowel continence, resulting in negative outcomes. In this pilot trial, 20 children with ASD and encopresis were randomly assigned to multidisciplinary intervention for encopresis (MIE; n = 10) or a waitlist control group (n = 10). The MIE group was treated for constipation…
Descriptors: Autism, Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Behavior Modification, Intervention
A Pilot Investigation of an iOS-Based App for Toilet Training Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Mruzek, Daniel W.; McAleavey, Stephen; Loring, Whitney A.; Butter, Eric; Smith, Tristram; McDonnell, Erin; Levato, Lynne; Aponte, Courtney; Travis, Rebekah P.; Aiello, Rachel E.; Taylor, Cora M.; Wilkins, Jonathan W.; Corbett-Dick, Patricia; Finkelstein, Dianne M.; York, Alyssa M.; Zanibbi, Katherine – Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 2019
We developed an iOS-based app with a transmitter/disposable sensor and corresponding manualized intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder. The app signaled the onset of urination, time-stamped accidents for analysis, reminded parents to reinforce intervals of continence, provided a visual outlet for parents to communicate…
Descriptors: Toilet Training, Computer Oriented Programs, Autism, Pervasive Developmental Disorders
Download full textDoan, Dai; Toussaint, Karen A. – International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 2016
The current evaluation assessed the effectiveness of a rapid toilet training procedure for three young males with autism. The evaluation extended the research on rapid toilet training procedures by assessing parents' preference to include two common toilet training components, a urine alarm and positive practice. In addition, we assessed child…
Descriptors: Males, Autism, Teaching Methods, Program Effectiveness
Mruzek, Daniel W.; McAleavey, Stephen; Engel, Suzanne; Smith, Tristram – Journal of Special Education Technology, 2016
In this study, a novel enuresis alarm device using a miniaturized radio frequency module and disposable sensors made with inexpensive conductive ink was used to teach toilet use for urination with three participants with severe intellectual disability (two males and one female; aged 7-15 years) in a private special education school setting. At…
Descriptors: Toilet Training, Assistive Technology, Severe Intellectual Disability, Special Schools
Hanney, Nicole M.; Jostad, Candice M.; LeBlanc, Linda A.; Carr, James E.; Castile, Allison J. – Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 2013
LeBlanc, Crossett, Bennett, Detweiler, and Carr (2005) described an outpatient model for conducting intensive toilet training with young children with autism using a modified Azrin and Foxx, protocol. In this article, we summarize the use of the protocol in an outpatient setting and the outcomes achieved with a large sample of children with autism…
Descriptors: Autism, Toilet Training, Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Clinics
Ardiç, Avsar; Cavkaytar, Atilla – Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 2014
The purpose of this study was to determine effectiveness of a modified version of Azrin and Foxx's (1971) intensive toilet training method on teaching of toilet skills to children with autism. This method consists of administering extra fluids and a time schedule, but does not use overcorrection procedures. Implementation requires a study of six…
Descriptors: Daily Living Skills, Autism, Program Effectiveness, Toilet Training
Brown, Freddy Jackson; Peace, Natalie – British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 2011
Learning to use the toilet is an important developmental step for a child's independence, health and dignity. It can be particularly difficult to teach continence skills to disabled children with aggressive or challenging behaviour. This study showed how Azrin & Foxx's (1971) basic toilet training procedure could be modified to teach a 13-year-old…
Descriptors: Toilet Training, Developmental Disabilities, Behavior Problems, Aggression
Kim, Jinnie – ProQuest LLC, 2012
Far less is known about the effects of functional communication-based toileting interventions for students with developmental disabilities in a school setting. Furthermore, the currently available toileting interventions for students with disabilities include some undesirable procedures such as the use of punishment, unnatural clinic/university…
Descriptors: Toilet Training, Developmental Disabilities, Intervention, Teaching Methods
Suppo, Jennifer Lee; Mayton, Michael R. – Young Exceptional Children, 2012
"Bella is a 5-year-old girl with autism who attends a reverse inclusive preschool class. She primarily uses gestures and a communication binder to communicate with others. In addition, she is not toilet trained even though her teachers and her parents have tried numerous attempts over a 3-year period to train her. Bella also has gastrointestinal…
Descriptors: Autism, Toilet Training, Peer Acceptance, Children
Kroeger, K.; Sorensen, R. – Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 2010
Background: Azrin & Foxx pioneered an intensive toilet training protocol for individuals with intellectual disability living in a residential setting. Since the development of the Rapid Toilet Training (RTT) protocol, many have replicated the efficacy, most notably in educational and outpatient treatment settings, but often training over longer…
Descriptors: Intervention, Mental Retardation, Autism, Toilet Training
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