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Peer reviewedHowie, Pauline M. – Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1983
The author responds to criticism of her research on token reinforcement in stuttering by reviewing methodological issues as well as concerns related to the token systems. (CL)
Descriptors: Speech Improvement, Stuttering, Token Economy
Peer reviewedIngham, Roger J. – Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1983
The author responds to a study which suggested that token reinforcement is redundant in stating and shaping fluent speech within a stuttering program. He cites methodological differences as well as procedural differences in the treatment programs mentioned. (Author/CL)
Descriptors: Positive Reinforcement, Speech Handicaps, Speech Improvement, Stuttering
Peer reviewedTurnbull, Jakki – Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 1988
Potential hazards and dangers of using the token economy approach to behavior change with head injured individuals are identified and it is suggested that the injured person's active awareness of reinforcement contingencies may sometimes be deleterious. (DB)
Descriptors: Behavior Disorders, Behavior Modification, Contingency Management, Injuries
Sax, Richard; Kohn, Alfie – Learning, 1996
Presents two opinions on motivating students through reading incentive programs. The first suggests that such programs benefit students by building self-esteem, with students earning while they learn. The second states that rewards may lower comprehension and dull long-term interest in reading, with children focusing on rewards rather than…
Descriptors: Elementary Education, Elementary School Students, Incentives, Reading Improvement
Peer reviewedSmith, Stephen W.; Farrell, Daniel T. – Behavioral Disorders, 1993
This article chronicles the development of level systems designed for students with significant behavior problems, to foster student improvement through self-management and positive reinforcement. The article examines assumptions underlying level systems' concepts and components and offers recommendations to guide future research into the design…
Descriptors: Behavior Disorders, Behavior Modification, Classroom Techniques, Elementary Secondary Education
Download full textMacFarland, Thomas W. – 1985
This paper examines 10 principles of learning and suggests ways in which vocational education teachers may apply them in their classrooms. The following principles are discussed: reductionism, the law of effect, imitation and observational learning, classroom management without punishment, shaping, the law of primacy, token rewards, the law of…
Descriptors: Classroom Environment, Classroom Techniques, Cognitive Processes, Discipline
Peer reviewedKotkin, Ronald A. – Intervention in School and Clinic, 1995
This article presents a rationale for inclusion of students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in regular classrooms; identifies current problems with inclusive practices; and offers a model program, the Irvine Paraprofessional Program. This program focuses on the use of paraprofessional teacher assistants, inservice training on…
Descriptors: Attention Deficit Disorders, Behavior Modification, Classroom Techniques, Demonstration Programs
