Private supplementary tutoring became a widespread phenomenon in Japan during the 1960s. Since then, institutions providing tutoring known as "juku" have provided a wide range of services to supplement mainstream education. During decades of development, the shapes and functions of "juku" have changed in response to changes in…

Children's, teachers' and principals' reports are used to estimate the extent of tutoring activities in Israeli elementary schools and to provide information on their implementation. Eight studies evaluating the tutoring process and its effect on achievement, motivation, and self-concept are described. The data show that about 5% of elementary…