The present study examined the convergent validity between two frequently used achievement goal instruments: Patterns of Adaptive Learning Scales (PALS) and the Achievement Goal Questionnaire 3 x 2 (AGQ 3 x 2). Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation models tested for relationships both within and across the scales in a sample of…

Undergraduate science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) students' motivations have a strong influence on whether and how they will persist through challenging coursework and into STEM careers. Proper conceptualization and measurement of motivation constructs, such as students' expectancies and perceptions of value and cost (i.e.,…

The purpose of the study is to explore the structural relationships among second language (L2) proficiency and the constructs of L2 learners' resilience, motivation, and demotivation. A total of 869 undergraduate students in South Korea participated in the study. The data were analyzed by means of factor analysis, correlations, and structural…

Self-assessment and reflective thinking (RT) can arm learners to monitor and evaluate their learning progress. Despite the long history of the core of self-assessment (CSA) and RT, little is known about how they may contribute to learner enjoyment (LE) and learner immunity (LI). Therefore, the current research attempted to propose a model to…

This study aims at determining the mediating effect of academic intrinsic motivation on the relationship between both students' academic selfefficacy and dispositional hope levels to their academic procrastination habits. The data were collected from a sample of 252 college students, 69 males (27.4%) and 183 females (72.6%), aged between 18 and 33…

This study utilises a holistic approach of positive psychology (PP) in the second language acquisition (SLA) domain to test a model of willingness to communicate in English language (L2WTC) among 328 Saudi learners. The model examines how potential connections among learners' negative emotions (anxiety and boredom), positive emotions (enjoyment…

Language students apply different strategies to learn a second language (L2), especially when they want to attain proficiency in reading. The aim of the present study was to revisit the validity of the "Metacognitive Awareness of Reading Strategies Inventory" (MARSI-R) among Saudi students using a new statistical method of confirmatory…

Given the recent attention to language-domain-specific grit in the field of SLA and the scarcity of research on the antecedents of L2 grit, we proposed a model that links L2 learners' basic psychological needs (BPN) (i.e. autonomy, competence, and relatedness), L2 grit (i.e. perseverance of effort (PE) and consistency of interest (CI)), and L2…

Research has shown that the effectiveness of written corrective feedback (WCF) on writing performance depends on learners' engagement with WCF and its associated motivational state. However, little research has examined the inner causal relationships between motivation, learner engagement with WCF, and writing performance. The current study fills…

The present study contributes to the field of L2 motivation by exploring the link between emotional experience in language learning and motivational self from a multilingual perspective. Specifically, it evaluated the empirical support for the validity of the ideal multilingual self on simultaneous language learners in China and assessed the…

As digital technology is becoming an increasingly critical component of education, learners' socioeconomic status (SES) and technology use are becoming more important in their learning. In the context of English learning, the present study modeled how learners' SES and their perception of technology use for language learning are linked to their…

During the transition to university, early summative assessments may serve as powerful indicators of academic performance and perceived competence by students. How students learn in preparation for these assessments may be determinants of task-related experience and outcomes. The current study investigated the influences of learning strategies on…

The quick move to non-face-to-face education caused by the sudden attack of the COVID-19 led to many problems such as faculty's burden and stress from the planning and designing of suitable on-line classes, technology system problems for both students and faculty and students' complaints of the low quality of education. Especially Project-based…

One of the aims of the current study is to specify the model providing the best fit to the data among the exploratory, the bifactor exploratory and the confirmatory structural equation models. The study compares the three models based on the model data fit statistics and item parameter estimations (factor loadings, cross-loadings, factor…

Purpose: The rise of digital learning and the prevalence of affordable devices are convenient for young adults who are accustomed to using their digital devices for almost everything such as communication, collaboration, and accessing multiple sources of information for solutions. However, the lack of ability to self-regulate learning processes…