Racism has a long history in the United States. For generations, people of color have been systematically oppressed, whereas White people have benefitted from unearned privilege. Despite major advances in civil rights, the ongoing presence and legacy of racism and White privilege result in pervasive inequities. Social work education prepares…

This chapter is a detailed investigation of education for Native Hawaiians during the 19th century. However, adhering to Ronald Takaki's assertion (2000) that it is important to demonstrate that America's racial policies involved common practices across culturally diverse groups, this paper incorporates prior studies on the education of African…

In 1786, backcountry Massachusetts farmers, fed up with government policies favoring aristocratic elites, marched on courts to bar the entry of judges and juries. Enacting a long-standing tradition known to colonists as a "Regulation," the farmers' movement became known as Shays's Rebellion. Erupting in the turbulent days following the…

Lorena A. Hickok was a notable woman journalist of the early twentieth century whose career was greatly altered by her friendship with Eleanor Roosevelt. After reporting for several newspapers across the country, Hickok became one of the first women hired by the Associated Press wire service (AP) in 1928. She was assigned to cover Eleanor…

Describes legal doctrines used to challenge single-sex organizations. Discusses the role that all-female organizations can play in meeting the special needs of girls and women and describes how the compensatory purpose doctrine can be used to defend against challenges under state equal rights amendments and public accommodation statutes. (KH)

In studying the history of immigration and ethnicity, scholars often write about their own ethnic groups. This pattern has led to an overemphasis on new immigrants of the early twentieth century, limited focus on the experiences of the first and second generations of individual ethnic groups, and disinterest in immigration and ethnicity as…

Focuses on Supreme Court naturalization rulings in relation to Asian immigrants. Asserts that an ethos of racial exclusion set the stage for internment of Japanese Americans in World War II and continues to discriminate against Asian immigrants in the United States today. (GC)

Phillis Wheatley has been criticized for "thinking White" and lacking Black identity. In fact, Wheatley was a strong force among contemporary abolitionist writers and, through the use of Biblical imagery, incorporated anti-slavery statements in her writings. Wheatley's work must be understood within the historical context of…

Gives a brief history of Black Catholics in the United States. Presents the history of one Catholic church in Los Angeles that began to use gospel music at Mass, and shows how this church met the needs of the Black community by enhancing the liturgy with traditional Black culture and values. (ML)

Reports that the domestic news media became part of the United States Government's propaganda scheme during the Truman and Eisenhower presidencies. Suggests that the strategizing of both administrations and the employee interchange between America's propaganda program and the private news arena created a press that became outspoken advocates of…

Asserts that the study of history involves more than the passive absorption facts, dates, names, and places. Maintains that real historical understanding requires students to engage in historical thinking, to raise questions, and to marshal evidence. Describes skills for five types of historical thinking. (CFR)

Traces the decline of national interest in the problems of cities since the abundance of federal legislation passed in response to the urban crisis of the 1960's. Asserts that, by the 1980's, economic changes had stimulated a new era of private sector domination in American cities. (KH)

Examines how the livestock reduction plan enforced by the Federal government in the 1930s resulted in drastically negative ecological, economic, and health consequences for the Navajo people. Describes manifestations of Navajo criticism and resistance. (GC)

Reviews the historical development of Canadian studies in United States textbooks and other instructional material. Notes common shortcomings and misconceptions of early materials. Describes how an expanded and more even treatment of Canada would improve social studies instruction in the United States. (JDH)

Analyzes statistics on the characteristics of immigrants to the United States, by sex. Discusses reasons for the predominance of women among immigrants since 1930, and presents a statistical groundwork for future analyses of the implications of this predominance. Includes numerous statistical charts and tables. (KH)