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de Jong, Ester J.; Li, Zhuo; Zafar, Aliya M.; Wu, Chiu-Hui – Bilingual Research Journal, 2016
In this article, we apply Ruiz's language-as-resource orientation to three international settings: Taiwan, Pakistan, and mainland China. Our guiding question was how different languages (indigenous languages, Chinese, and English) were positioned differently as resources in these contexts. For our analysis, we used Lo Bianco's (2001) elaboration…
Descriptors: Language Planning, Multilingualism, Foreign Countries, Chinese
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Reckase, Mark D.; Xu, Jing-Ru – Educational and Psychological Measurement, 2015
How to compute and report subscores for a test that was originally designed for reporting scores on a unidimensional scale has been a topic of interest in recent years. In the research reported here, we describe an application of multidimensional item response theory to identify a subscore structure in a test designed for reporting results using a…
Descriptors: English, Language Skills, English Language Learners, Scores