In the current study we used the gaze-contingent moving window paradigm to directly compare the second language (L2) English perceptual span of two groups that speak languages with essentially the same lexicon and grammar but crucially with different writing directions (and scripts): Hindi (read left to right) and Urdu (read right to left). This…

The present study aims at establishing grammatical constraints on the borrowing of nouns (Ns) and verbs (Vs) in Urdu and English by adopting Noam Chomsky's Methodological Naturalism within the field of generative grammar as the theoretical framework of the study. For this purpose, the corpus of Pure Urdu and Pure English sentences from textbooks…

Translation is considered one of the most important skills in studying and learning a language. It is termed as a craft which is thought to be enjoyed by those who aspire to grab a sound command over second language. This study has strived to analyze problem-causing factors faced by the EFL learners in translation particularly in translating…

Pakistani English is a variety of English language concerning Sentence structure, Morphology, Phonology, Spelling, and Vocabulary. The one semantic element, which makes the investigation of Pakistani English additionally fascinating is the Vocabulary. Pakistani English uses many loan words from Urdu language and other local dialects, which have…

One form of educational inequality is the disparity that exists between urban and rural settings. Equal distribution of quality education is a challenge for developing countries due to the unavailability of resources. Various approaches to equal distribution are distance learning, telecast learning and e-learning; however, these approaches cannot…

In this study, monolingual (English) and bilingual (English/Spanish, English/Urdu) five- and six-year-old children completed a grammaticality judgment test in order to assess their awareness of the grammaticality of two types of syntactic constructions in English: word order and gender representation. All children were better at detecting…

This study analyses the crisis of English teaching in Pakistan. The study examines stakeholders' perceptions and classroom practices to identify theoretical fault lines and institutional/pedagogical challenges in the low-fee schools. We deem such research critical in the backdrop of public's heavy reliance and feverish pursuit of low-fee…

This dissertation explores the interaction of syntax and morphology in the morphological realization of AGREE-relations. I present two case studies of derivational interactions of AGREE-processes where the morphological realization of the later processes are affected by the earlier ones. The two cases studied differ in the way probes and goals…

In two experiments, bilingual (Urdu and English) 5- and 6-year-old children outperformed their monolingual (English) peers when asked to detect grammatically incorrect sentences on a syntactic awareness test. This result occurred when children were tested in English (Experiment 1) and when they were tested in English or in Urdu (Experiment 2).…

This paper describes an attempt to combine the advantages of both example-based translation and stochastic translation methods in an attempt to develop a method for inferring symbolic transfer functions from a bilingual corpus. By formalizing the translation process and applying standard optimization techniques, a system can be developed that will…

THIS MANUAL IS BASED ON THE URDU DIALECT OF THE EDUCATED CLASSES OF PAKISTAN. IT CONSISTS OF 40 LESSONS IN ROMANIZED SCRIPT. LESSONS ONE TO 17 CONCENTRATE ON SIMPLE CONVERSATIONS AND BASIC GRAMMATICAL CONSTRUCTIONS. LESSONS 18 TO 40 ARE DESIGNED TO ACQUAINT THE STUDENT GRADUALLY WITH MORE COMPLEX CONVERSATION AND WITH LITERARY STYLE. EACH LESSON…

Examines the origin, development, and nature of Pakistani English as a distinct language variation with its own cultural and linguistic identity. Lexical borrowing from Urdu is discussed as is the formation of new words through the use of English affixes with Urdu and English bases and though semantical or grammatical shifts. (JL)

This book focuses on the languages spoken by people of South Asian origin living in Britain and is intended to assist individuals in Britain whose work involves them with speakers of these languages. The approach taken is descriptive and practical, offering linguistic, geographic, and historical background information leading to appreciation of…

The recognition of the systematic nature of the interference of the mother tongue when learning a second language is among the most significant advances in linguistics for the teaching and learning of foreign languages. The work of Weinreich showed that interference between language systems--the absorption of loan words, calques, and phonological,…

THIS 15-UNIT INTRODUCTION TO URDU IS BASED ON A LITERATE VARIETY OF DIHLAVI (I.E. OF DELHI) URDU AS EMPLOYED TODAY IN INDIA AND PAKISTAN. BRIEF SKETCHES OF INDO-PAKISTANI LIFE ARE INCLUDED IN THE MATERIAL AND ALTHOUGH A LARGE PART OF THIS INFORMATION IS APPLICABLE TO NORTHERN INDIA AS WELL, MUCH IS STRICTLY PAKISTANI IN CONTENT. UNIT FORMAT…