Rapid Westernization and modernization in most Chinese societies has triggered a process of acculturation to Western value orientations, which induced conflicts between Confucian-based collectivism and Western individualism at both the societal and individual levels. A review of research instruments indicated that a cultural conflict approach is…

This major article points out that many problems with which counselors deal arise from unfortunate learning conditions and should not be conceptualized as illness. It suggests that counselors focus upon the client's sense of competence and upon his individual interests. (EK)