This paper employed a psychological-historical framework for an analytical examination of the Russian identity during the Soviet period through the fall of the Soviet Union and the transitional period that led to an establishment of the Russian Federation. A theoretical model is provided for the analysis of Russian identity that can be generalized…

This major article points out that many problems with which counselors deal arise from unfortunate learning conditions and should not be conceptualized as illness. It suggests that counselors focus upon the client's sense of competence and upon his individual interests. (EK)